KO: Portraiture and Identity
Subject: Art and Design | Year: 7
Name: _________________________ Class/Set: ____________ Date: ____________
1. Key Knowledge / Core Facts
- Portrait: An artistic representation of a specific person or group.
- Self-portrait: An artwork created by an artist depicting themselves.
- Likeness: The quality of an artwork resembling the actual appearance of the subject.
- Profile: A view of the head from the side (90-degree angle).
- Full Face: Subject looking directly at the viewer (front-on).
- Three-quarter view: A pose where the head is turned slightly between front and side views.
- Commission: A formal request or payment for an artist to create a specific portrait.
2. Key Vocabulary
- Proportion: The size relationship between different parts of the face or body.
- Tone: The variation of light and dark areas to create a 3D effect.
- Form: The 3D quality of an object (e.g., using shading to make a circle look like a sphere).
- Composition: The deliberate arrangement of elements within the artwork's frame.
- Medium: The materials used to create the work (e.g., graphite, charcoal, acrylic).
- Symmetry: A balanced arrangement where both sides of the face mirror each other.
- Identity: The qualities, beliefs, and personality that make a person who they are.
3. Facial Proportions (Technical)
- Eye Line: Horizontal axis located exactly halfway between the top of the head and the chin.
- Eye Width: The face is approximately five eye-widths wide.
- Eye Spacing: There is exactly one eye-width gap between the two eyes.
- Nose Position: The bottom of the nose sits halfway between the eye line and the chin.
- Mouth Position: The line where the lips meet is halfway between the nose and the chin.
- Ear Alignment: The top of the ears align with the eyebrows; the bottom aligns with the nose.
- Neck Width: Usually extends downwards from the outer corners of the eyes.
4. Historical Context & Artists
- Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance master; used sfumato (soft blending) in the 'Mona Lisa'.
- Vincent van Gogh: Post-Impressionist; used expressive colour and impasto (thick paint) in self-portraits.
- Frida Kahlo: Mexican artist; used symbolism and 'Surrealist' elements to explore heritage and pain.
- Rembrandt: Baroque painter; famous for 'Chiaroscuro' (dramatic light/dark contrast) in portraits.
- Kehinde Wiley: Contemporary artist; replaces historical figures with modern subjects in regal poses.
- Chuck Close: Photorealist; used massive grids to create detailed, large-scale 'head' portraits.
5. Symbolism & Expression
- Attributes: Objects included to signify a person’s job, status, or hobbies (e.g., a book for a scholar).
- Colour Symbolism: Use of specific hues to convey mood (e.g., blue for sadness, red for power).
- Gaze: Where the subject looks; direct eye contact can represent confidence or a challenge.
- Pose: The subject's body language; upright suggests authority, while slouched suggests relaxation.
- Background: Setting can reveal a person’s history, home environment, or social class.
- Expression: Controlled use of facial muscles to communicate internal emotions or character.
6. Techniques & Tools
- Graphite Pencils: Graded from H (hard/light) to B (soft/dark/black).
- Blending: Using a tortillon (paper stump) or finger to smooth out tonal transitions.
- Cross-hatching: Using overlapping sets of parallel lines to create darker tones and texture.
- Grid Method: A system of drawing a grid over a reference photo to ensure accurate scaling.
- Highlight: The brightest part of the drawing where the light source hits the form directly.
- Core Shadow: The darkest part of the subject, away from the light source.
⚠ TEACHER’S GUIDANCE
- Model: Conduct a live demonstration of the eye-line placement. Year 7 students typically place eyes in the 'forehead' region; explicitly prove the 1/2 ratio using a ruler on a volunteer.
- Explain: Ensure students understand the difference between '2D Shape' and '3D Form'. Use a physical ball and a torch to show how tone creates the illusion of depth.
- Misconception: Address the 'L-shaped' nose. Instruct: Students to draw the shadows of the nose rather than a hard outline to avoid 'cartoonish' results.
- Differentiation: For Greater Depth (GDS) students, encourage the use of Chiaroscuro to create high-drama portraits. For SEND students, provide pre-drawn 'proportion maps' to scaffold the initial sketch.
- Safety: Ensure 'Fixative' spray for charcoal or soft pencil work is only used by the teacher or in a well-ventilated area/fume cupboard.