KO: Water Supply
Subject: Geography | Year: 9
Name: _________________________ Class/Set: ____________ Date: ____________
1. Key Vocabulary
- Water Security: Reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, clean water.
- Water Insecurity: Lack of access to safe, reliable, and affordable water supplies.
- Physical Scarcity: Occurs when water demand exceeds the available natural supply.
- Economic Scarcity: Occurs when water is available but infrastructure/money is lacking to extract it.
- Desalination: The process of removing salt from seawater to create fresh drinking water.
- Over-abstraction: Pumping water out of the ground faster than it can naturally recharge.
- Greywater: Recycled domestic wastewater from sinks and showers (not sewage).
- Aquifer: An underground layer of water-bearing rock or sediment.
2. Global Supply and Demand Patterns
- Equatorial Regions: High rainfall leads to water surplus (e.g., Amazon Basin/Congo).
- Arid Zones: High pressure at 30° North/South causes low rainfall and water deficit.
- Rising Demand: Population growth and rising living standards increase global consumption.
- Agricultural Use: Accounts for 70% of global water usage for irrigation and livestock.
- Industrialisation: Developing economies (NEEs) require massive water volumes for factories.
- Climate Change: Shifting rainfall patterns and melting glaciers disrupt traditional supplies.
- Urbanisation: High population density in megacities outpaces water infrastructure.
3. Physical vs Economic Scarcity
- Climate (Physical): Low precipitation and high evaporation in regions like the Sahel.
- Geology (Physical): Porous rocks allow water to soak deep underground, becoming inaccessible.
- Pollution (Economic): Industrial waste and untreated sewage make local water toxic.
- Infrastructure (Economic): Lack of pipes, pumps, and treatment plants in LICs.
- Cost (Economic): Private vendors charging high prices, making water unaffordable for the poor.
- Governance (Economic): Poor management or corruption prevents equal water distribution.
4. Impacts of Water Insecurity
- Disease: Reliance on dirty water leads to cholera, typhoid, and dysentery.
- Education: Children (primarily girls) miss school to walk long distances for water.
- Food Production: Crop failure and livestock death lead to famine and food price spikes.
- Conflict: Disputes over 'Transboundary' rivers shared by multiple countries (e.g., The Nile).
- Industrial Output: Power plants and manufacturing slow down, hindering economic growth.
- Environment: Ecosystems collapse as rivers run dry and wetlands disappear.
5. Large-Scale Management Schemes
- South-to-North Transfer (China): $62bn project moving water from the humid south to Beijing.
- Three Gorges Dam (China): Provides hydroelectric power and regulates flow of the Yangtze.
- Lesotho Highland Project: A multi-billion-dollar scheme transferring water to South Africa.
- Pros: Improved water security for cities, flood control, and renewable energy.
- Cons: Displacement of thousands of people and destruction of natural habitats.
- Water Grabbing: Large-scale schemes can deprive downstream communities of vital flow.
6. Water and Development
- SDG 6: UN Sustainable Development Goal to ensure clean water for all by 2030.
- Productivity: Access to water at home allows time for work and education.
- Healthcare: Clean water in clinics reduces infant mortality and maternal death rates.
- Gender Equality: Reducing water-collection times empowers women in the local economy.
- Investment: Multinational companies only invest in regions with stable water/energy grids.
- Intermediate Technology: Using simple, low-cost tools like hand pumps to improve LIC access.
Check for Understanding
- Task A: Define the term 'Economic Water Scarcity'.
- Task B: Identify two reasons why global water demand is currently rising.
- Task C: Explain one reason why water insecurity can lead to international conflict.
- Task D: List one 'Pro' and one 'Con' of a large-scale water transfer scheme.
- Task E: Select the correct percentage of global water used by agriculture:
- a) ☐ 20%
- b) ☐ 50%
- c) ☐ 70%
- d) ☐ 90%
⚠ TEACHER’S GUIDANCE
💡 Pedagogical Insights
- Delivery Strategy: This Knowledge Organiser is designed for Dual Coding. Encourage students to sketch icons next to keywords like 'Desalination' or 'Aquifer' to aid retrieval.
- Year 9 Rigour: Focus on the distinction between physical and economic scarcity. This is a common point of confusion; use the Sahel (Physical) vs. Central Africa (Economic) as a comparative model.
- Misconception Alert: Ensure students understand that 'Water Insecurity' is not just about having no water, but about having no safe or affordable water.
✅ Answer Key & Mirror-Labeling
- Task A Answer: Economic Water Scarcity occurs when water is physically present in the environment, but there is a lack of money or infrastructure (pipes/treatment) to make it safe for human use.
- Task B Answer: 1. Rapid population growth. 2. Increasing industrialisation in NEEs.
- Task C Answer: Countries sharing a river (riparian states) may clash if an upstream country builds a dam, reducing the flow of water to the downstream country (e.g., Ethiopia and Egypt on the Blue Nile).
- Task D Answer: Pro: Provides reliable water to drought-prone cities. Con: Causes environmental damage or displacement of local residents.
- Task E Answer: c) ☐ 70%