KO: Norman Conquest
Subject: History | Year: 7
Name: _________________________ Class/Set: ____________ Date: ____________
1. Key Knowledge / Core Facts
- Succession Crisis: Edward the Confessor died childless (05/01/1066), leaving no direct heir to the English throne.
- The Witan: Council of high-ranking nobles and clergy who advised the King; they chose Harold Godwinson as successor.
- Claimants: Four main contenders for the throne: Harold Godwinson, William of Normandy, Harald Hardrada, and Edgar the Atheling.
- Battle of Stamford Bridge: Harold Godwinson defeated the Viking invasion led by Harald Hardrada (25/09/1066) in the North.
- Battle of Hastings: Decisive conflict (14/10/1066) where William of Normandy defeated Harold Godwinson’s exhausted army.
- Coronation: William was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day (25/12/1066).
2. Key Vocabulary
- Feudalism: Social hierarchy where land was exchanged for military service and loyalty.
- Fyrd: Part-time Anglo-Saxon army consisting of peasants and freemen.
- Housecarls: Highly trained, professional Anglo-Saxon soldiers and royal bodyguards.
- Motte and Bailey: Early Norman castle design featuring a wooden keep on a hill (motte) and a courtyard (bailey).
- Domesday Book: Detailed census and land survey (1086) used to calculate taxes across England.
- Harrying of the North: Brutal scorched-earth campaign (1069–70) by William to crush northern rebellions.
- Shield Wall: Anglo-Saxon defensive tactic involving overlapping shields to create a wall.
3. Key Timeline
- 05/01/1066: Death of Edward the Confessor; Harold Godwinson crowned next day.
- 25/09/1066: Battle of Stamford Bridge; Harald Hardrada killed.
- 28/09/1066: William of Normandy lands at Pevensey, Sussex.
- 14/10/1066: Battle of Hastings; death of King Harold II.
- 1069–1070: The Harrying of the North.
- 1086: Completion of the Domesday Book.
4. Key People
- Edward the Confessor: King of England (1042–1066); died without a child, triggering the conquest.
- Harold Godwinson: Earl of Wessex; claimed Edward promised him the throne on his deathbed.
- William the Conqueror: Duke of Normandy; claimed Edward promised him the throne in 1051.
- Harald Hardrada: King of Norway; claimed throne based on a secret agreement between his father and Harthacnut.
- Edgar the Atheling: Edward’s great-nephew and only blood relative; considered too young (aged 14) to lead.
5. Norman Methods of Control
- Castles: Built over 500 Motte and Bailey structures to intimidate locals and house garrisons.
- The Feudal System: Redistributed land from 4,000 Saxon nobles to 200 Norman barons.
- Taxation: Used the Domesday Book to ensure every cow, sheep, and acre was taxed.
- Language: French became the language of government, law, and the elite.
- Religion: Replaced Saxon bishops with Normans; rebuilt cathedrals in the Romanesque style.
- Forest Laws: Reserved vast areas of woodland for the King’s hunting; harsh punishments for poaching.
6. Causes and Consequences
- Cause - Broken Promise: William argued Harold broke a sacred oath sworn on holy relics to support his claim.
- Cause - Wind and Luck: South-westerly winds delayed William, forcing Harold to fight Vikings first and then march south.
- Consequence - Architecture: Introduction of massive stone keeps and cathedrals (e.g., Tower of London).
- Consequence - Genocide: Death of approximately 100,000 people during the Harrying of the North.
- Consequence - New Aristocracy: Almost all English-born nobles lost their land and influence to Norman invaders.
⚠ TEACHER’S GUIDANCE
🎯 Pedagogical Pulse
- Model: Use this Knowledge Organiser (KO) as a "retrieval anchor." During the first 10 minutes of lessons, use "Look, Cover, Write, Check" with the Key Vocabulary or Timeline sections.
- Explain: Focus on the "Year 7 Bridge." Students often struggle with the transition from narrative history to analytical history. Use the Causes and Consequences section to introduce the concept of "Historical Significance."
- Scaffold: For lower-ability students, highlight the Key People section first to provide a "character list" for the 1066 drama.
- Challenge: Encourage "Greater Depth" students to find links between the Feudal System and the Domesday Book (e.g., how one facilitated the other).
📝 Teacher’s Key & Mirror-Labeling
- Task 1: The Succession Crisis: Who were the four claimants to the throne in 1066?
- Task 1 Answer: Harold Godwinson, William of Normandy, Harald Hardrada, and Edgar the Atheling.
- Task 2: Military Tactics: Describe the main Anglo-Saxon defensive tactic used at Hastings.
- Task 2 Answer: The Shield Wall (overlapping shields creating a solid barrier).
- Task 3: Consolidation of Power: Name two ways William controlled England after 1066.
- Task 3 Answer: Building Motte and Bailey castles and implementing the Feudal System (or the Domesday Book).
- Task 4: Chronology: What event happened on 25/09/1066?
- Task 4 Answer: The Battle of Stamford Bridge.
- Task 5: Social Impact: What was the purpose of the Domesday Book?
- Task 5 Answer: To record land ownership and resources for the purpose of accurate taxation.